Measuring Up 2000: The State-by-State Report Card for Higher Education

SOURCES

PREPARATION

High School Credential: 18- to 24-year-olds with a high school credential.U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Math Course Taking: 9th to 12th graders taking at least one upper-level math course. Council of Chief State School Officers, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 1999.

Science Course Taking: 9th to 12th graders taking at least one upper-level science course. Council of Chief State School Officers, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 1999.

Algebra in 8th Grade: 8th grade students taking algebra.Council of Chief State School Officers, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 1999.

Math Proficiency: 8th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in math. U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, 1996.

Reading Proficiency: 8th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in reading. U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, 1998.

Writing Proficiency: 8th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in writing. U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, 1998.

Math Proficiency among Low-Income: Low-income 8th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in math. U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, 1996.

College Entrance Exams: Number of scores in the top 20% nationally on SAT/ACT college entrance exam per 1,000 high school graduates. ACT data from ACT tabulations, 1999; SAT data from College Board tabulations, 1999.

Advanced Placement Exams: Number of scores that are 3 or higher on an Advanced Placement subject test per 1,000 high school juniors and seniors. Data provided by Westat, 1999.

Performance Gaps (Preparation)

High School Credential: 18- to 24-year-olds with a high school credential. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Math Course Taking: 9th to 12th graders taking at least one upper-level math course. Council of Chief State School Officers, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 1999.

Science Course Taking: 9th to 12th graders taking at least one upper-level science course. Council of Chief State School Officers, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 1999.

Change over Time (Preparation)

High School Credential: 18- to 24-year-olds with a high school credential. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1985, 1986 and 1987 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Math Course Taking: 9th to 12th graders taking at least one upper-level math course. Council of Chief State School Officers, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 1999.

Science Course Taking: 9th to 12th graders taking at least one upper-level science course. Council of Chief State School Officers, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 1999.

PARTICIPATION

High School to College Rate: High school freshmen enrolling in college within 4 years in any state. Public 9th grader data from the National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1995.
Public high school graduate data from the National Center for Education Statistics, Public Elementary and Secondary Education Statistics Report, School Year 1997–98, 1999.
College enrollment data from the Residence and Migration of First-time Freshmen Enrolled in Degree Granting Institutions, Fall 1996, 1998. Indicator as reported by Thomas Mortenson, "Chance for College," Postsecondary Education Opportunity, March 1998.

Young Adult Enrollment: 18- to 24-year-olds enrolling in college. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Working-Age Adult Enrollment: 25- to 44-year-olds enrolled part-time in some type of postsecondary education.
Enrolled population data from National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, 1998. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.
Total population data from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Performance Gaps (Participation)

Change Over Time (Participation)

Young Adult Enrollment: 18- to 24-year-olds enrolling in college. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1985, 1986 and 1987 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

AFFORDABILITY

Family Ability to Pay: Percent of income needed to pay for college expenses minus financial aid:
·

At community colleges
·

At public 4-year colleges/universities
·

At private 4-year colleges/universities
Tuition data from the National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1999.
Room and board data from the National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1999.
Pell grants data from the U.S. Department of Education, Pell Grant End of the Year Report, 1998–99, 2000.
State grants data (need- and non-need-based) from the National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs, 30th Annual Survey, 2000.
Institutional aid data from the National Center for Education Statistics, Ed Tabs: Institutional Finance, 1996.
Income information data from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, March 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Need-Based Financial Aid: State grant aid targeted to low-income families as a percent of federal Pell Grant aid to low-income families.

Pell grants data from the U.S. Department of Education, Pell Grant End of the Year Report, 1998–99, 2000.

State grants (need- and non-need-based) data from the National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs, 30th Annual Survey, 2000.

Low-Priced Colleges: Share of income that poorest families need to pay for tuition at lowest priced colleges.

Tuition data from the National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1999.

Income data from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, March 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Low Student Debt: Average loan amount that students borrow each year.
Loan data from the U.S. Department of Education, Federal Family Educational Loan Program End of the Year Report, 1998–99, 1999.

COMPLETION

Students Returning at Two-Year Colleges: First-year community college students returning their second year. ACT, ACT Institutional Data Questionnaire, 1999.
Students Returning at Four-Year Colleges: Freshmen at four-year colleges/universities returning their sophomore year. ACT, ACT Institutional Data Questionnaire, 1999.
Bachelor’s Degree Completion: First-time, full-time students completing a bachelor’s degree within five years. ACT, ACT Institutional Data Questionnaire, 1999.
All Degree Completion: Certificates, degrees and diplomas awarded at all colleges and universities per 100 undergraduate students. National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, 1998–99. Special tabulations provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Performance Gaps (Completion)

All Degree Completion: Certificates, degrees and diplomas awarded at all colleges and universities per 100 undergraduate students. National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, 1998–99. Special tabulations provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

BENEFITS

Adults with Bachelor's Degree or Higher: Population aged 25 to 65 with bachelor’s degree or higher. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Increased Income from Education: Increase in total personal income as a result of the percentage of the population holding a bachelor’s degree.

Median Earnings data from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, March 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Total population with bachelor’s degree or higher data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Total personal income data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, State Personal Income, Annual and Quarterly for All States and Regions, 1999.

Population Voting: Eligible residents voting in 1996 and 1998 national elections. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey 1996, 1998, November Supplements, 1996, 1998.

. . .

. Adult Literacy Skills High-level quantitative literacy, as defined by the National Adult Literacy Survey, consists of performing arithmetic operations which must be inferred from text or drawn from prior knowledge. High-level prose literacy involves understanding essays and other prose forms and being able to integrate multiple pieces of information. High-level document literacy involves being able to integrate and make inferences about information from sources such as lists, tables and maps. .

. . .

Charitable Contributions: Of those who itemize on federal income taxes, the percentage declaring charitable gifts.Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Series, 1999.

Quantitative Literacy: Adults demonstrating high-level quantitative literacy skills. Educational Testing Service, National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Prose Literacy: Adults demonstrating high-level prose literacy skills. Educational Testing Service, National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Document Literacy: Adults demonstrating high-level document literacy skills. Educational Testing Service, National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992.

Performance Gaps (Benefits)

Earnings and Attainment Projections. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Annual Demographic File, 1999. Special analysis by David Wright, Wichita State University.

Change Over Time (Benefits)

Adults with Bachelor's Degree or Higher: Population aged 25 to 65 with bachelor’s degree or higher.U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1985, 1986, and 1987 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

State Context Table

Population. U.S. Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, 1998.

Gross State Product. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross State Product for States, 1998.

Leading Indicators Table

Projected Percent Change in Population, 2010–2015.U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Projections for States 1995–2025, 1999.

Projected Percent Change in Number of All High School Graduates, 1999–2010.Western Interstate Commission on Higher Education, Knocking on the College Door, 1998.

Projected Budget Surplus/Shortfall by 2008.Hovey, Harold, State Spending for Higher Education in the Next Decade, 1999.

Average Income of Poorest 20% of the Population. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, March 1996, 1997 and 1998 Supplements. State-level analysis provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2000.

Children in Poverty (1995 data). Annie E. Casey Foundation, Kids Count, 1999.

Percent of Population with Less Than a High School Diploma or Equivalent. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1998 Supplement.

New Economy Index. Progressive Policy Institute, The State New Economy Index, 1999.

Facts and Figures Table

Institutions of Postsecondary Education

Students Enrolled by Institution Type

Students Enrolled by Level

Enrollment Status of Students (1996 data)

Net Migration of Students

Average Tuition

National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1999.

State and Local Appropriations for Higher Education

Palmer, James, ed. Grapevine: A National Database of Tax Support for Higher Education, 1999.

PUBLIC SATISFACTION / EMPLOYER SATISFACTION Table

Public Satisfaction.Public Agenda, 50-State Survey Conducted for the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, 2000.

Employer Satisfaction.U.S. Bureau of the Census, National Employer Survey, 1997. State-level analysis provided by Institute for Research in Higher Education, 1999.

SHARE OF STATE APPROPRIATIONS CHART

National Association of State Budget Officers, State Expenditure Report, 1991, 1999.

ETHNIC DISTRIBUTION CHART

State Population. U.S. Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, 1998.

Students Enrolled in Higher Education.National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1999.