Measuring Up 2002

Sources

PREPARATION

18- to 24-year-olds with a high school credential

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

9^th to 12^th graders taking at least one upper-level math course

Rolf K. Blank and Doreen Langesen. State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2001: State-by-State Trends and New Indicators from the 1999–2000 School Year. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002, p. 43.

9^th to 12^th graders taking at least one upper-level science course

Rolf K. Blank and Doreen Langesen. State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2001: State-by-State Trends and New Indicators from the 1999–2000 School Year. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002, p. 44.

8^th grade students taking Algebra

Rolf K. Blank and Doreen Langesen. State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2001: State-by-State Trends and New Indicators from the 1999–2000 School Year. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002, p. 46.

12^th graders taking at least one upper-level math course

Calculations based on unpublished data provided by Science and Math Indicator Project Team at Council of Chief State School Officers. The data are from the same source that was used for: Rolf K. Blank and Doreen Langesen. State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2001: State-by-State Trends and New Indicators from the 1999–2000 School Year. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002.

8^th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in math

National Assessment of Educational Progress. The Nation’s Report Card, Mathematics 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/mathematics/ (accessed 2/15/02).

8^th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in reading

National Assessment of Educational Progress. 1998 National and State Reading Summary Data Tables for Grade 8 Student Data. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1998.

8^th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in science

National Assessment of Educational Progress. The Nation’s Report Card, Science 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/science/ (accessed 11/21/01).

8^th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in writing

National Assessment of Educational Progress. 1998 National and State Writing Summary Data Tables for Grade 8 Student Data. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1998.

Low-income 8^th graders scoring at or above “proficient” on the national assessment exam in math

National Assessment of Educational Progress. The Nation’s Report Card, Mathematics 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/mathematics/ (accessed 2/15/02).

Number of scores in the top 20% nationally on SAT/ACT college entrance exams per 1,000 high school graduates

The College Board. “2001 SAT V+M Score Bands Report,” unpublished report, New York, 2001.

ACT. “Percent of 2001 High School Graduates with ACT Composite Scores of 26 or Higher,” unpublished analysis, Iowa City, Iowa, 2001.

Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. Knocking at the College Door: Projections of High School Graduates by State and Race/Ethnicity 1996–2012. Boulder, CO: 1998.

Number of scores that are 3 or higher on an Advanced Placement subject test per 1,000 high school juniors and seniors

The College Board. State and National Annual Summary Reports. New York. http://www.collegeboard.com/ap/library/state_nat_rpts_01.html (accessed 6/14/02).

Performance Gaps

18- to 24-year-olds with a high school credential

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

9^th to 12^th graders taking at least one upper-level math course

Rolf K. Blank and Doreen Langesen. State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2001: State-by-State Trends and New Indicators from the 1999–2000 School Year. Table 17: “Race/Ethnic Differences in Students Taking Chemistry and Algebra 2/Integrated Math 3.” Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002, p. 49.

9^th to 12^th graders taking at least one upper-level science course

Rolf K. Blank and Doreen Langesen. State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2001: State-by-State Trends and New Indicators from the 1999–2000 School Year. Table 17: “Race/Ethnic Differences in Students Taking Chemistry and Algebra 2/Integrated Math 3.” Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002, p. 49.

Change Over Time

18- to 24-year-olds with a high school credential (1989 to 1999)

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1988, 1989, 1990, 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

9^th to 12^th graders taking at least one upper-level math course (1990 to 2000)

Rolf K. Blank and Doreen Langesen. State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2001: State-by-State Trends and New Indicators from the 1999–2000 School Year. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002, p. 43.

9^th to 12^th graders taking at least one upper-level science course (1990 to 2000)

Rolf K. Blank and Doreen Langesen. State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2001: State-by-State Trends and New Indicators from the 1999–2000 School Year. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2002, p. 44.

PARTICIPATION

High school freshmen enrolling in college within 4 years in any state

Thomas Mortenson, “Chance for College by Age 19.” Postsecondary Education Opportunity. No. 98, August 2000. http://www.postsecondary.org (accessed 11/5/01).

18- to 24-year-olds enrolling in college

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

25- to 49-year-olds enrolled part-time in some type of postsecondary education

National Center for Education Statistics. “Fall Enrollment Survey, 1999–2000,” unpublished tabulation provided by Tom Snyder at NCES, U.S. Department of Education, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1999 Supplement. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Performance Gaps

18- to 24-year-olds enrolling in college

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Change Over Time

18- to 24-year-olds enrolling in college (1989 to 1999)

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1988, 1989, 1990, 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Note

Percentage of students going on to college out-of-state

National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002, p. 239. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/digest2001/ (accessed 8/4/02).

AFFORDABILITY

Percent of income (average of all income groups) needed to pay for college expenses minus financial aid:

§         at community colleges

§         at public 4-year colleges/universities

§         at private 4-year colleges/universities

Tuition and room and board: National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002, p. 361.

Pell grants: Office of Postsecondary Education. Title IV/ Pell Grant End of the Year Report 2000–2001. U.S. Department of Education, 2002, Table 21.

Institutional aid: Sam Barbett and Roslyn Korb. Current Fund Revenues and Expenditures of Degree Granting Institutions, Fiscal Year 1996. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 1999, Tables 10, 11 and 12.

Family income by quintile: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, March 1999, 2000, and 2001 Supplements. Washington, D.C.: Census Bureau. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants. 2002.

Grant phase-out information: National Center for Education Statistics. National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey, 1999. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. Data Analysis System Variables: PELLAMT, INSTAMT, STATNEED, STATNOND, TOTGRT By CINCOME. Filtered by institution level and control for public 2-year, public 4-year, and private 4-year.

State grants (need- and non-need-based): Kristen DeSalvatore, National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs 32^nd Annual Survey, 2000–2001 Academic Survey Report. Albany, NY: National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs, 2002, Table 1.

Full-time equivalent enrollment: National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002, p. 236.

Consumer price index: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index 1996–2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. http://www.bls.gov (accessed 5/13/02).

State grant aid targeted to low-income families as a percent of federal Pell Grant aid to low-income families

Pell grants: Office of Postsecondary Education. Title IV/ Pell Grant End of the Year Report, 2000–2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002, Table 21.

State grants: Kristen DeSalvatore, National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs 32nd Annual Survey, 2000–2001 Academic Survey Report. Albany, NY: National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs, 2002, Table 1.

Share of income that poorest families need to pay for tuition at lowest priced colleges

Tuition: National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002, p. 361.

Family income for the lowest quintile: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, March 1999, 2000, and 2001 Supplements. Washington, D.C.: Census Bureau. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Average loan amount that undergraduate students borrow each year

FFELP loans: National Center for Education Statistics. FFELP Report AY2000–2001, Total Loan Guarantees for Undergraduates Only. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2001.

Direct loans: National Center for Education Statistics. Direct Loans to Undergraduates AY2000–2001, Number of Loans and Gross Commitments. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2001.

COMPLETION

1^st year community college students returning their 2^nd year

ACT. “Institutional Data Questionnaire, Fall 2000,” unpublished analysis by ACT, Iowa City, Iowa, 2001.

Freshmen at 4-year colleges/universities returning their sophomore year

ACT. “Institutional Data Questionnaire, Fall 2000,” unpublished analysis by ACT, Iowa City, Iowa, 2001.

First-time, full-time students completing a bachelor’s degree within 5 years of high school completion

ACT. “Institutional Data Questionnaire, Fall 2000,” unpublished analysis by ACT, Iowa City, Iowa, 2001.

First-time, full-time students completing a bachelor’s degree within 6 years of college entrance

National Center for Educational Statistics. Graduation Rate Survey, 1999 (preliminary data, Peer Analysis System). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. http://www.ed.gov (accessed 6/15/02).

Certificates, degrees and diplomas awarded at all colleges and universities per 100 undergraduate students

Total awards: National Center for Education Statistics. Completion Survey, 1999–2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Undergraduate enrollments: National Center for Education Statistics. Fall Enrollment Survey, 1999–2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Performance Gaps

Certificates, degrees and diplomas awarded at all colleges and universities per 100 undergraduate students

Total awards: National Center for Education Statistics. Completion Survey, 1999–2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Undergraduate enrollments: National Center for Education Statistics. Fall Enrollment Survey, 1999–2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

BENEFITS

Population aged 25 to 65 with bachelor’s degree or higher

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. Washington, D.C. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Total personal income: Bureau of Economic Analysis. State Personal Income, Annual and Quarterly, for All States and Regions 1999. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/spi/drill.cfm (accessed 4/1/02).

Increase in total personal income as a result of the percentage of the population with some college (including an associate’s degree), but not a bachelor’s degree

Median earnings: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, March 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. Washington, D.C. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Total population with some college (including an associate’s degree): U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. Washington, D.C. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Total personal income: Bureau of Economic Analysis. State Personal Income, Annual and Quarterly, for All States and Regions, 1999. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/spi/drill.cfm (accessed 4/1/02).

Residents voting in 1998 and 2000 national elections

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, November Voting and Registration, 1998 & 2000. Washington, D.C. http://www.census.gov (accessed 6/14/02).

Of those who itemize on federal income taxes, the percentage declaring charitable gifts

Internal Revenue Service. Statistics of Income for Tax Year 2000. Annual State Tax Reports. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Treasury. http://www.irs.ustreas.gov/pub/irs-soi/00in54cm.exe (accessed 5/6/02).

Adults demonstrating high-level quantitative literacy skills

National Center for Education Statistics. National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1994. Collecting agency: Educational Testing Service. Special analysis for non-oversample states by Stephen Reder, Portland State University.

Adults demonstrating high-level prose literacy skills

National Center for Education Statistics. National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1994. Collecting agency: Educational Testing Service. Special analysis for non-oversample states by Stephen Reder, Portland State University.

Adults demonstrating high-level document literacy skills

National Center for Education Statistics. National Adult Literacy Survey, 1992. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1994. Collecting agency: Educational Testing Service. Special analysis for non-oversample states by Stephen Reder, Portland State University.

Performance Gaps

Population aged 25 to 65 with bachelor’s degree or higher

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. Washington, D.C. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Net loss revenue (2000)

Population and earnings differential: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, March: Annual Demographic File, 1999–2001 [Computer file]. Washington, D.C.: 2001. Calculations by David W. Wright, Associate Professor of Sociology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas.

Total personal income: Bureau of Economic Analysis. Annual State Personal Income 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. http://www.bea.gov/ (accessed 5/9/02). Due to small sample size, data are not available for Maine, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming.

Change Over Time

Population aged 25 to 65 with bachelor’s degree or higher (1989 to 1999)

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, October 1988, 1989, 1990, 1998, 1999, and 2000 Supplements. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

STATE CONTEXT TABLE

Population (2001)

U.S. Bureau of the Census. State Population Estimates, 2001. Time Series of State Population Estimates, Table ST-2001EST-01. http://www.census.gov/ (accessed 5/29/02).

Gross state product (1999)

Bureau of Economic Analysis. Gross State Product for States. Regional Accounts Data. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2001. http://www.bea.gov/ (accessed 5/22/02).

LEADING INDICATORS TABLE

Projected % change in population (2000–2015)

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Population Projections for States, 1995–2025. Washington, D.C.: 1999.

Projected % change in number of all high school graduates (1998–2010)

Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. Knocking at the College Door: Projections of High School Graduates by State and Race/Ethnicity, 1996–2012. Boulder, CO: 1998.

Projected budget surplus/shortfall by 2008

Harold Hovey. State Spending for Higher Education in the Next Decade: The Battle to Sustain Current Support. San Jose, CA: National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, 1999.

Average income of poorest 20% of population (2000)

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, March 1999, 2000, and 2001 Supplements. Washington, D.C. State-level data provided by Pinkerton Computer Consultants, 2002.

Children in poverty (2000)

Annie E. Casey Foundation. Kids Count. Baltimore, MD: 2002. http://www.aecf.org/kidscount/c2ss/pdfs/entire_book.pdf.

Percent of population with less than a high school diploma or equivalent (2000)

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Survey, March 2000 Supplement. Washington, D.C. http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/education/p20-536/tab13.pdf (accessed 7/19/2002).

New economy index (2002)

Progressive Policy Institute. The State New Economy Index. Washington, D.C.: 2002. http://www.neweconomyindex.org/states/2002/overall_rank.html (accessed 6/14/02).

FACTS AND FIGURES TABLE

Institutions of postsecondary education (2000–1)

Students enrolled by institution type (1999)

Students enrolled by level (1999)

Enrollment status of students (1999)

Net migration of students (1998)

Average tuition (2000–1)

National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/digest2001/ (accessed 5/29/02).

General Education Development (GED) diploma

Number of GED diplomas issued to young adults, ages 16 to 24: General Educational Development Testing Service of the American Council on Education. Who Took the GED? GED 2001 Statistical Report. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 2002.

Number of high school graduates in 2000–01: Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education. Knocking at the College Door: Projections of High School Graduates by State and Race/Ethnicity 1996–2012. Boulder, CO: 1998.

State and local appropriations for higher education

Center for Higher Education & Finance. Grapevine: A National Database of Tax Support for Higher Education. Normal, IL: Illinois State University. Per $1,000 personal income and per capita (FY2001) data are from http://www.coe.ilstu.edu/grapevine/table10.html (accessed 5/28/02). Data for percentage change in state appropriations (FY1992–2002) are from http://www.coe.ilstu.edu/grapevine/table3.html (accessed 5/28/02).

SHARE OF STATE APPROPRIATIONS CHART

National Association of State Budget Officers, State Expenditure Report, 1990 and 2000 editions. Washington, D.C.: 1991, 2001.

ETHNIC DISTRIBUTION CHART

State population

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Population Estimates for States by Race and Hispanic Origin, July 1, 1999. Table ST-99-32. http://www.census.gov/ (accessed 5/29/02).

Students enrolled in higher education

National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2002. Table 211. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/digest2001/ (accessed 5/29/02).

GRADING

• are important in assessing performance in the category,
• are collected regularly by reliable, public sources that follow accepted practices for data collection,
• are comparable across the 50 states, and
• measure performance results.